Language: Lushootseed
Language code: lut
Author: C.J. Adams-Collier and Daniel Mills
Date: Jan 13, 2010
Source a: Snohomish Grammatical Structure.pdf (snohomish_grammatical_structure.pdf, Hess)
Source b: Patterns of nominalization in Bella Coola and Lushootseed (nominals.pdf, Beck)
Source c: Transitivity and Causation in Lushootseed Morphology (CAUS.pdf, Beck)
Source d: phonological_phrasing.pdf
Source e: Lushootseed Dictionary (Bates, Hess, Hilbert)

#----Word Order----#

#1
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {wo}
x̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child gets lost'

#2 Incorrect word order: VS instead of SV
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {wo}
ti č̓ač̓as x̣ʷil̕
t-i č̓ač̓as x̣ʷil̕
det.def-dir child get.lost
'The child gets lost'

#3
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {wo}
ʔik̕ʷid čad ti ʔalʔəl
ʔik̕ʷid č-ad t-i ʔalʔəl
sweep ind.pred-I det.def-dir house
'I sweep the house'

#4 Incorrect, cannot have two full NPs as args of a transitive verb
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {wo}
ʔik̕ʷid ti č̓ač̓as ti ʔalʔəl
ʔik̕ʷid t-i č̓ač̓as t-i ʔalʔəl
sweep det.def-dir child det.def-dir house
'the child sweeps the house'

#5 Incorrect, cannot have two full NPs as args of a transitive verb
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {wo}
ʔik̕ʷid ti ʔalʔəl ti č̓ač̓as
ʔik̕ʷid t-i ʔalʔəl t-i č̓ač̓as
sweep det.def-dir house det.def-dir child
'the house sweeps the child'

#6 Incorrect word order: OVS instead of VSO
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {wo}
ti ʔalʔəlʔ ʔik̕ʷid čad
t-i ʔalʔəl ʔik̕ʷid č-ad
det.def-dir house sweep ind.pred-I
'I sweep the house'

#7 Incorrect word order: SVO instead of VSO
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {wo}
čad ʔik̕ʷid ti ʔalʔəlʔ
č-ad ʔik̕ʷid t-i ʔalʔəl
ind.pred-I sweep det.def-dir house
'I sweep the house'

#8 Incorrect word order: SOV instead of VSO
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {wo}
čad ti ʔalʔəlʔ ʔik̕ʷid
č-ad t-i ʔalʔəl ʔik̕ʷid
ind.pred-I det.def-dir house sweep
'I sweep the house'

#9 Incorrect word order: OSV instead of VSO
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {wo}
ti ʔalʔəlʔ čad ʔik̕ʷid
t-i ʔalʔəl č-ad ʔik̕ʷid
det.def-dir house ind.pred-I sweep
'I sweep the house'

#10
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {wo}
ƛ̕ùb ti č̓ač̓as x̣ʷil̕
ƛ̕ùb t-i č̓ač̓as x̣ʷil̕
may det.def-dir child get.lost
'the child may get lost'

#11
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {wo}
ƛ̕ùb čad ʔik̕ʷid ti ʔalʔəl
ƛ̕ùb č-ad ʔik̕ʷid t-i ʔalʔəl
may ind.pred-I sweep det.def-dir house
'I may sweep the house'

#12 Incorrect, object was raised, leaving a particle in the object position
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {wo}
ƛ̕ùb ti ʔalʔəl ʔik̕ʷid čad
ƛ̕ùb t-i ʔalʔəl ʔik̕ʷid č-ad
may det.def-dir house sweep ind.pred-I
'the house may sweep the child'

#13 - incorrect, subject should be raised
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {wo}
ƛ̕ùb x̣ʷil̕ čad
ƛ̕ùb x̣ʷil̕ č-ad
may get.lost ind.pred-I
'I may get lost'

#14 - incorrect, subject should be raised
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {wo}
ƛ̕ùb ʔik̕ʷid čad ti ʔalʔəl
ƛ̕ùb ʔik̕ʷid č-ad t-i ʔalʔəl
may sweep ind.pred-I det.def-dir house
'I may sweep the house'

#15 - incorrect, aux should be first word
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {wo}
x̣ʷil̕ ƛ̕ùb čad
x̣ʷil̕ ƛ̕ùb č-ad
get.lost may ind.pred-I
'I may get lost'

#16 - incorrect, subject should be raised
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {wo}
ʔik̕ʷid ƛ̕ùb čad ti ʔalʔəl
ʔik̕ʷid ƛ̕ùb č-ad t-i ʔalʔəl
sweep may ind.pred-I det.def-dir house
'I may sweep the house'

#----Pronouns----#
#Note: There is not agreement morphology with pronouns, so everything in this section is grammatical

#17
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pn}
x̣ʷil̕ ʔəcá
x̣ʷil̕ ʔəcá
get.lost I
'I get lost'

#18
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pn}
x̣ʷil̕ díbəɬ
x̣ʷil̕ díbəɬ
get.lost we
'We get lost'

#19
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pn}
x̣ʷil̕ dəgʷí
x̣ʷil̕ dəgʷí
get.lost you
'You get lost'

#20
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pn}
x̣ʷil̕ gʷəlápu
x̣ʷil̕ gʷəlápu
get.lost y'all
'Y'all get lost'

#21
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pn}
x̣ʷil̕ díɬ
x̣ʷil̕ díɬ
get.lost 3rd.pro
'He/she/it/them get lost'

#22
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pn}
x̣ʷil̕ čad
x̣ʷil̕ č-ad
get.lost ind.pred-I
'I get lost'

#23
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pn}
x̣ʷil̕ čaɬi
x̣ʷil̕ č-aɬi
get.lost ind.pred-we
'We get lost'

#24
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pn}
x̣ʷil̕ čaxʷ
x̣ʷil̕ č-axʷ
get.lost ind.pred-you
'You get lost'

#25
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pn}
x̣ʷil̕ čaləp
x̣ʷil̕ č-aləp
get.lost ind.pred-yall
'Y'all get lost'

#26 Incorrect, 3rd person particle cannot be used in matrix clause
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {pn}
x̣ʷil̕ čas
x̣ʷil̕ č-as
get.lost ind.pred-it
'he/she/it/them get(s) lost'

#27 Incorrect, particles in matrix clauses require the independent-predicate prefix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {pn}
x̣ʷil̕ ad
x̣ʷil̕ ad
get.lost I
'I get lost'

#28 Incorrect, particles in matrix clauses require the independent-predicate prefix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {pn}
x̣ʷil̕ aɬi
x̣ʷil̕ aɬi
get.lost we
'We get lost'

#29 Incorrect, particles in matrix clauses require the independent-predicate prefix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {pn}
x̣ʷil̕ axʷ
x̣ʷil̕ axʷ
get.lost you
'You get lost'

#30 Incorrect, particles in matrix clauses require the independent-predicate prefix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {pn}
x̣ʷil̕ aləp
x̣ʷil̕ aləp
get.lost ind.pred-yall
'Y'all get lost'

#31 Incorrect, 3rd person particle cannot be used in matrix clause
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {pn}
x̣ʷil̕ as
x̣ʷil̕ as
get.lost it
'he/she/it/them get(s) lost'

#32 Incorrect, particles cannot be objects
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {wo}
ʔik̕ʷid ti č̓ač̓as čad
ʔik̕ʷid t-i č̓ač̓as č-ad
sweep det.def-dir child ind.pred-I
'the child sweeps me'


#Lushootseed does not have case, so this section is omitted#

#----The rest of the NP----#

#33
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {det}
x̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child (masc) gets lost'

#34
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {det}
x̣ʷil̕ tsi č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕ t-s-i č̓ač̓as
get.lost det.def-FEM-dir child
'the child (fem) gets lost'

#35 Incorrect: Missing determiner
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {det}
x̣ʷil̕ č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕ č̓ač̓as
get.lost child
'the child gets lost'

#36 Incorrect: Determiner should precede noun
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {det}
x̣ʷil̕ č̓ač̓as ti
x̣ʷil̕ č̓ač̓as t-i
get.lost child det.def-dir
'the child gets lost'

#37 Incorrect: Particles do not take determiners
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {det}
x̣ʷil̕ ti čad
x̣ʷil̕ t-i č-ad
get.lost det.def-dir ind.pred-I
'I get lost'

#38 Incorrect: Pronouns do not take determiners
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {det}
x̣ʷil̕ ti ʔəcá
x̣ʷil̕ t-i ʔəcá
get.lost det.def-dir I
'I get lost'

#39 - Incorrect, house is non-feminine
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {wo}
ʔik̕ʷid ti č̓ač̓as tsi ʔalʔəl
ʔik̕ʷid t-i č̓ač̓as t-s-i ʔalʔəl
sweep det.def-dir child det.def-fem-dir house
'the child sweeps the female house'

#40 - incorrect, wife is feminine and determiner is non-fem
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {wo}
x̣ʷil̕ ti čəgʷás
x̣ʷil̕ t-i čəgʷás
get.lost det.def-dir wife
'the wife gets lost'

#----Tense and aspect----#

#41
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
ʔəsx̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
ʔəs-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
static-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child is lost'

#42
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
ʔux̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
ʔu-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
completive-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child has become lost'

#43
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
ləʔəsx̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
lə-ʔəs-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
progressive-static-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child is lost while going'

#44
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
ləx̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
lə-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
progressive-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child is getting lost'

#45 - incorrect, aspect is marked as a prefix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
x̣ʷil̕-ʔəs ti č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕-ʔəs t-i č̓ač̓as
get.lost-static det.def-dir child
'the child is lost'

#46 - incorrect, aspect is marked as a prefix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
x̣ʷil̕ʔu ti č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕-ʔu t-i č̓ač̓as
get.lost-completive det.def-dir child
'the child has become lost'

#47 - incorrect, aspect is marked as a prefix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
x̣ʷil̕ləʔəs ti č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕-lə-ʔəs t-i č̓ač̓as
get.lost-progressive-static det.def-dir child
'the child is lost while going'

#48 - incorrect, aspect is marked as a prefix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
x̣ʷil̕lə ti č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕-lə t-i č̓ač̓as
get.lost-progressive det.def-dir child
'the child is getting lost'

#49 - incorrect, order is progressive-static, not static-progressive
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
ʔəsləx̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
ʔəs-lə-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
static-progressive-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child is lost while going'

#50 - incorrect, completive is mutually exclusive with static
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
ʔuʔəsx̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
ʔu-ʔəs-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
completive-static-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child has become lost'

#51 - incorrect, completive is mutually exclusive with static
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
ʔəsʔux̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
ʔəs-ʔu-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
static-completive-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child has become lost'

#52 - incorrect, completive is mutually exclusive with progressive
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
ʔuləx̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
ʔu-lə-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
completive-progressive-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child is getting lost'

#53 - incorrect, completive is mutually exclusive with progressive
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
ləʔux̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
lə-ʔu-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
progressive-completive-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child is getting lost'

#54
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
tuʔəsx̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
tu-ʔəs-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
past-static-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child was lost'

#55
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
tuləx̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
tu-lə-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
past-progressive-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child had gotten lost'

#56
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
tuləʔəsx̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
tu-lə-ʔəs-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
past-progressive-static-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child was lost while going'

#57
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
tuʔux̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
tu-ʔu-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
past-completive-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child had become lost'

#58
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
ɬuʔəsx̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
ɬu-ʔəs-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
future-static-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child will be lost'

#59
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
ɬuləx̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
ɬu-lə-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
future-progressive-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child will get lost'

#60
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
ɬuləʔəsx̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
ɬu-lə-ʔəs-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
future-progressive-static-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child will be lost while going'

#61
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
ɬuʔux̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
ɬu-ʔu-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
future-completive-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child will become lost'

#62 - incorrect, tu is a prefix, not suffix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
ʔəsx̣ʷil̕tu ti č̓ač̓as
ʔəs-x̣ʷil̕-tu t-i č̓ač̓as
static-get.lost-past det.def-dir child
'the child was lost'

#63 - incorrect, tu is a prefix, not suffix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
ləx̣ʷil̕tu ti č̓ač̓as
lə-x̣ʷil̕-tu t-i č̓ač̓as
progressive-get.lost-past det.def-dir child
'the child had gotten lost'

#64 - incorrect, tu is a prefix, not suffix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
ləʔəsx̣ʷil̕tu ti č̓ač̓as
lə-ʔəs-x̣ʷil̕-tu t-i č̓ač̓as
progressive-static-get.lost-past det.def-dir child
'the child was lost while going'

#65 - incorrect, tu is a prefix, not suffix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
ʔux̣ʷil̕tu ti č̓ač̓as
ʔu-x̣ʷil̕-tu t-i č̓ač̓as
completive-get.lost-past det.def-dir child
'the child had become lost'

#66 - incorrect, ɬu is a prefix, not suffix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
ʔəsx̣ʷil̕ɬu ti č̓ač̓as
ʔəs-x̣ʷil̕-ɬu t-i č̓ač̓as
static-get.lost-future det.def-dir child
'the child will be lost'

#67 - incorrect, ɬu is a prefix, not suffix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
ləx̣ʷil̕ɬu ti č̓ač̓as
lə-x̣ʷil̕-ɬu t-i č̓ač̓as
progressive-get.lost-future det.def-dir child
'the child will get lost'

#68 - incorrect, ɬu is a prefix, not suffix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
ləʔəsx̣ʷil̕ɬu ti č̓ač̓as
lə-ʔəs-x̣ʷil̕-ɬu t-i č̓ač̓as
progressive-static-get.lost-future det.def-dir child
'the child will be lost while going'

#69 - incorrect, ɬu is a prefix, not suffix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
ʔux̣ʷil̕ɬu ti č̓ač̓as
ʔu-x̣ʷil̕-ɬu t-i č̓ač̓as
completive-get.lost-future det.def-dir child
'the child will become lost'

#70 - incorrect, tu is the initial prefix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
ʔəstux̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
ʔəs-tu-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
static-past-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child was lost'

#71 - incorrect, tu is the initial prefix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
lətux̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
lə-tu-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
progressive-past-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child had gotten lost'

#72 - incorrect, tu is the initial prefix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
ləʔəstux̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
lə-ʔəs-tu-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
progressive-static-past-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child was lost while going'

#73 - incorrect, tu is the initial prefix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
ʔutux̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
ʔu-tu-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
completive-past-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child had become lost'

#74 - incorrect, ɬu is the initial prefix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
ʔəsɬux̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
ʔəs-ɬu-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
static-future-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child will be lost'

#75 - incorrect, ɬu is the initial prefix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
ləɬux̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
lə-ɬu-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
progressive-future-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child will get lost'

#76 - incorrect, ɬu is the initial prefix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
ləʔəsɬux̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
lə-ʔəs-ɬu-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
progressive-static-future-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child will be lost while going'

#77 - incorrect, ɬu is the initial prefix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
ʔuɬux̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
ʔu-ɬu-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
completive-future-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child will become lost'

#----Argument optionality----#

#78
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pro-d}
x̣ʷil̕
x̣ʷil̕
get.lost
'he/she/it/them gets lost'

#79
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pro-d}
ʔik̕ʷid ti ʔalʔəl
ʔik̕ʷid t-i ʔalʔəl
sweep det.def-dir house
'he/she/it/them sweeps the house'

#80
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pro-d}
ʔik̕ʷid ti č̓ač̓as
ʔik̕ʷid t-i č̓ač̓as
sweep det.def-dir child
'The child sweeps it/them'

#81
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pro-d}
ʔik̕ʷids ti č̓ač̓as
ʔik̕ʷid-S t-i č̓ač̓as
sweep-sg det.def-dir child
'The child sweeps me'

#82
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pro-d}
ʔik̕ʷidL ti č̓ač̓as
ʔik̕ʷid-L t-i č̓ač̓as
sweep-pl det.def-dir child
'The child sweeps us'

#83
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pro-d}
ʔik̕ʷidsid ti č̓ač̓as
ʔik̕ʷid-S-id t-i č̓ač̓as
sweep-sg-2nd det.def-dir child
'The child sweeps you'

#84
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pro-d}
ʔik̕ʷidLid ti č̓ač̓as
ʔik̕ʷid-L-id t-i č̓ač̓as
sweep-sg-2nd det.def-dir child
'The child sweeps y'all'

#----Sentential negation----#

#85
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {neg}
xʷíʔ čad ʔik̕ʷid ti ʔalʔəl
xʷíʔ č-ad ʔik̕ʷid t-i ʔalʔəl
not ind.pred-I sweep det.def-dir house
'I do not sweep the house'

#86
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {neg}
xʷíʔ ti č̓ač̓as ʔəsx̣ʷil̕
xʷíʔ t-i č̓ač̓as ʔəs-x̣ʷil̕
not det.def-dir child static-get.lost
'the child is not lost'

#87 - incorrect, subject should be raised
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {neg}
xʷíʔ ʔik̕ʷid čad ti ʔalʔəl
xʷíʔ ʔik̕ʷid č-ad t-i ʔalʔəl
not sweep ind.pred-I det.def-dir house
'I do not sweep the house'

#88 - incorrect, subject should be raised
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {neg}
xʷíʔ ʔəsx̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
xʷíʔ ʔəs-x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
not static-get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child is not lost'

#89 - incorrect, negation is an aux, so should be first word
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {neg}
ʔik̕ʷid xʷíʔ čad ti ʔalʔəl
ʔik̕ʷid xʷíʔ č-ad t-i ʔalʔəl
sweep not ind.pred-I det.def-dir house
'I do not sweep the house'

#90 - incorrect, negation is an aux, so should be first word
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {neg}
ʔəsx̣ʷil̕ xʷíʔ ti č̓ač̓as
ʔəs-x̣ʷil̕ xʷíʔ t-i č̓ač̓as
static-get.lost not det.def-dir child
'the child is not lost'

#91 - incorrect, negation is subject raising, not object
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {neg}
xʷíʔ ti ʔalʔəl ʔik̕ʷid čad
xʷíʔ t-i ʔalʔəl ʔik̕ʷid č-ad
not det.def-dir house sweep ind.pred-I
'I do not sweep the house'

#----Demonstratives / Definiteness----#

#92
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cogst}
x̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as
get.lost det.def-dir child
'the child gets lost'

#93
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cogst}
x̣ʷil̕ tsi č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕ t-s-i č̓ač̓as
get.lost det.def-fem-dir child
'the child gets lost'

#94
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cogst}
x̣ʷil̕ kʷi č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕ kʷ-i č̓ač̓as
get.lost det.indef-dir child
'a child gets lost'

#95 Incorrect, indefinite article cannot be used in this/that
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {cogst}
x̣ʷil̕ kʷiʔaʔ č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕ kʷ-i-ʔaʔ č̓ač̓as
get.lost det.indef-dir-here child
'this child gets lost'

#96 Incorrect, indefinite article cannot be used in this/that
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {cogst}
x̣ʷil̕ kʷiʔiɬ č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕ kʷ-i-ʔiɬ č̓ač̓as
get.lost det.indef-dir-there child
'this child gets lost'

#97
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cogst}
x̣ʷil̕ kʷsi č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕ kʷ-s-i č̓ač̓as
get.lost det.indef-fem-dir child
'a child gets lost'

#98 Incorrect, the indirect article always has directed attention
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {cogst}
x̣ʷil̕ kʷə č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕ kʷ-ə č̓ač̓as
get.lost det.indef-indir child
'a child gets lost'

#99 Incorrect, the indirect article always has directed attention
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {cogst}
x̣ʷil̕ kʷə č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕ kʷ-s-ə č̓ač̓as
get.lost det.indef-fem-indir child
'a child gets lost'

#100
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cogst}
x̣ʷil̕ tə č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕ t-ə č̓ač̓as
get.lost det.def-indir child
'the child gets lost'

#101
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cogst}
x̣ʷil̕ tsə č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕ t-s-ə č̓ač̓as
get.lost det.def-fem-indir child
'the child gets lost'

#102 Incorrect, this/that only occurs with directed attention
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {cogst}
x̣ʷil̕ təʔaʔ č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕ t-ə-ʔaʔ č̓ač̓as
get.lost det.def-indir-here child
'this child gets lost'

#103 Incorrect, this/that only occurs with directed attention
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {cogst}
x̣ʷil̕ təʔiɬ č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕ t-ə-ʔiɬ č̓ač̓as
get.lost det.def-indir-here child
'this child gets lost'

#104
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cogst}
x̣ʷil̕ tsiʔaʔ č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕ t-s-i-ʔaʔ č̓ač̓as
get.lost det.def-fem-dir-here child
'this child gets lost'

#105
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cogst}
x̣ʷil̕ tiʔiɬ č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕ t-i-ʔiɬ č̓ač̓as
get.lost det.def-dir-there child
'that child gets lost'

#106
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cogst}
x̣ʷil̕ tsiʔiɬ č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕ t-s-i-ʔiɬ č̓ač̓as
get.lost det.def-fem-dir-there child
'that child gets lost'

#107
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cogst}
x̣ʷil̕ tsiʔiɬ čəgʷás
x̣ʷil̕ t-s-i-ʔiɬ čəgʷás
get.lost det.def-fem-dir-there wife
'that wife gets lost'

#108
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cogst}
x̣ʷil̕ tiʔiɬ bád
x̣ʷil̕ t-i-ʔiɬ bád
get.lost det.def-dir-there father
'that father gets lost'

#----Matrix yes/no questions----#

#109
Source: a
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {q}
ʔəstágʷəxʷ ʔu
ʔəs-tágʷəxʷ ʔu
static-hungry Q
'Is/are he/she/it/they hungry?'

#110
Source: a
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {q}
híkʷ čəxʷ ʔu ƛ̕uxəɬqìd
híkʷ čəxʷ ʔu ƛ̕uxəɬqìd
very ind.pred-you Q get.headache
'Do you generally get severe headaches?'

#111
Source: a
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {q}
híkʷ čəxʷ ƛ̕uxəɬqìd ʔu
híkʷ čəxʷ ƛ̕uxəɬqìd ʔu
very ind.pred-you get.headache Q
'You generally get severe headaches, don't you?'

#112 - incorrect, when there is both an auxilliary and an overt
#      subject, the question particle follows the subject
Source: a
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {q}
híkʷ ʔu čəxʷ ƛ̕uxəɬqìd
híkʷ ʔu čəxʷ ƛ̕uxəɬqìd
very Q ind.pred-you get.headache
'Do you generally get severe headaches?'

#113
Source: a
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {q}
ƛ̕asáʔɬ ʔu
ƛ̕asáʔɬ ʔu
well Q
'Is/are he/she/it/they well?'

#114 - {ʔu} occurs after either auxilliary or verb in accord with the
#      meaning.
Source: a
Vetted: n
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {q}
ʔu ƛ̕asáʔɬ
ʔu ƛ̕asáʔɬ
Q well
'Is/are he/she/it/they well?'

#115
Source: a
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {q}
təɬ ʔu dəgʷí
təɬ ʔu dəgʷí
true Q you
'Is it really you?'

#116
Source: a
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {q}
təɬ dəgʷí ʔu
təɬ dəgʷí ʔu
true you Q
'It is really you, isn't it?'

#117 - {ʔu} occurs after either auxilliary or verb in accord with the
#      meaning.
Source: a
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {q}
ʔu təɬ dəgʷí
ʔu təɬ dəgʷí
Q true you
'Is it really you?'

#----Coordination----#

#118
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {crd}
x̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as ʔi čad
x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as ʔi č-ad
get.lost det.def-dir child and ind.pred-I
'the child and I get lost'

#119 Incorrect, the NP coordination marker is polysyndeton, not omnisyndeton
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {crd}
x̣ʷil̕ ʔi ti č̓ač̓as ʔi čad
x̣ʷil̕ ʔi t-i č̓ač̓as ʔi č-ad
get.lost and det.def-dir child and ind.pred-I
'the child and I get lost'

#120 Incorrect, the NP coordination marker occurs before the NP
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {crd}
x̣ʷil̕ ti č̓ač̓as čad ʔi
x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as č-ad ʔi
get.lost and det.def-dir child and ind.pred-I
'the child and I get lost'

#121
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {crd}
x̣ʷil̕ čaɬi ʔi ti č̓ač̓as
x̣ʷil̕ č-aɬi ʔi t-i č̓ač̓as
get.lost ind.pred-we and det.def-dir child
'We, the child and I, get lost'

#122
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {crd}
ʔik̕ʷid čad ti ʔalʔəl čaxʷa x̣ʷil̕
ʔik̕ʷid č-ad t-i ʔalʔəl č-axʷ-a x̣ʷil̕
sweep ind.pred-I det.def-dir house ind.pred-you-and get.lost
'I sweep the house and you get lost'

#123 - S-coordination is polysyndeton, not omnisyndeton (not marked on the first conjunct)
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {crd}
ʔik̕ʷid čada ti ʔalʔəl čaxʷa x̣ʷil̕
ʔik̕ʷid č-ad-a t-i ʔalʔəl č-axʷ-a x̣ʷil̕
sweep ind.pred-I-and det.def-dir house ind.pred-you-and get.lost
'I sweep the house and you get lost'

#124 - S-coordination must be marked with -a on all but the first conjunct
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {crd}
ʔik̕ʷid čad ti ʔalʔəl čaxʷ x̣ʷil̕
ʔik̕ʷid č-ad t-i ʔalʔəl č-axʷ x̣ʷil̕
sweep ind.pred-I det.def-dir house ind.pred-you get.lost
'I sweep the house and you get lost'

#125 - S-coordination must be marked with -a on all but the first conjunct
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {crd}
ʔik̕ʷid čada ti ʔalʔəl čaxʷ x̣ʷil̕
ʔik̕ʷid č-ad-a t-i ʔalʔəl č-axʷ x̣ʷil̕
sweep ind.pred-I-and det.def-dir house ind.pred-you get.lost
'I sweep the house and you get lost'

#126 - S-coordination is marked with -a on the subject; it is not a stand-alone word
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {crd}
ʔik̕ʷid čad ti ʔalʔəl a čaxʷ x̣ʷil̕
ʔik̕ʷid č-ad t-i ʔalʔəl a č-axʷ x̣ʷil̕
sweep ind.pred-I det.def-dir house and ind.pred-you get.lost
'I sweep the house and you get lost'

#127 - incorrect, coordination only occurs with particle subjects
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {crd}
ʔik̕ʷid čad ti ʔalʔəl ti č̓ač̓asa x̣ʷil̕
ʔik̕ʷid č-ad t-i ʔalʔəl t-i č̓ač̓as-a x̣ʷil̕
sweep ind.pred-I det.def-dir house det.def-dir child-and get.lost
'I sweep the house and the child gets lost'

#128 - incorrect, S-coordination causes all clauses but first to be SVO
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {crd}
ʔik̕ʷid čad ti ʔalʔəl x̣ʷil̕ čaxʷa
ʔik̕ʷid č-ad t-i ʔalʔəl x̣ʷil̕ č-axʷ-a
sweep ind.pred-I det.def-dir house get.lost ind.pred-you-and
'I sweep the house and you get lost'

#129 - incorrect, S-coordination causes all clauses but first to be SVO
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {crd}
čad ʔik̕ʷid ti ʔalʔəl čaxʷa x̣ʷil̕
č-ad ʔik̕ʷid t-i ʔalʔəl č-axʷ-a x̣ʷil̕
ind.pred-I sweep det.def-dir house ind.pred-you-and get.lost
'I sweep the house and you get lost'

#130
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {crd}
ʔik̕ʷid čad ti ʔalʔəl gʷəl x̣ʷil̕
ʔik̕ʷid č-ad t-i ʔalʔəl gʷəl x̣ʷil̕
sweep ind.pred-I det.def-dir house and get.lost
'I sweep the house and he/she/it/them gets lost'

#131 Incorrect, when gʷəl is used, it should fall where the pronoun subject would have been
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {crd}
ʔik̕ʷid čad ti ʔalʔəl x̣ʷil̕ gʷəl
ʔik̕ʷid č-ad t-i ʔalʔəl x̣ʷil̕ gʷəl
sweep ind.pred-I det.def-dir house and get.lost
'I sweep the house and he/she/it/them gets lost'

#----Attributive Adjectives----#

#132
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {adj}
ʔik̕ʷid čad ti hìkʷ ʔalʔəl
ʔik̕ʷid č-ad t-i hìkʷ ʔalʔəl
sweep ind.pred-I det.def-dir big house
'I sweep the big house'

#133 Incorrect, adjectives modify nouns, not NPs
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {adj}
ʔik̕ʷid čad hìkʷ ti ʔalʔəl
ʔik̕ʷid č-ad hìkʷ t-i ʔalʔəl
sweep ind.pred-I big det.def-dir house
'I sweep the big house'

#134 Incorrect, adjectives precede nouns
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {adj}
ʔik̕ʷid čad ti ʔalʔəl hìkʷ
ʔik̕ʷid č-ad t-i ʔalʔəl hìkʷ
sweep ind.pred-I det.def-dir house big
'I sweep the big house'

#----Adverbs----#

#135
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {adv}
ck̕ʷáqid ti č̓ač̓as x̣ʷil̕
ck̕ʷáqid t-i č̓ač̓as x̣ʷil̕
always det.def-dir child get.lost
'the child always gets lost'

#136 Incorrect, adjectives are auxiliaries, not modifiers of verbs
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {adv}
ti č̓ač̓as ck̕ʷáqid x̣ʷil̕
t-i č̓ač̓as ck̕ʷáqid x̣ʷil̕
det.def-dir child always get.lost
'the child always gets lost'

#137 Incorrect, adjectives are auxiliaries, not modifiers of verbs
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {adv}
ti č̓ač̓as x̣ʷil̕ ck̕ʷáqid
t-i č̓ač̓as x̣ʷil̕ ck̕ʷáqid
det.def-dir child get.lost always
'the child always gets lost'

#----Embedded clauses----#

#138
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {emb-d}
ʔəsxə́c čad x̣ʷil ti č̓ač̓as
ʔəsxə́c č-ad x̣ʷil t-i č̓ač̓as
fear ind.pred-I get.lost det.def-dir child
'I fear that the child gets lost'

#139
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {emb-d}
ʔəsxə́c ti č̓ač̓as x̣ʷil ad
ʔəsxə́c t-i č̓ač̓as x̣ʷil ad
fear det.def-dir child get.lost I
'The child fears that I get lost'

#140 Incorrect, particles in dependant clauses must not have the ind. pred. marker
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {emb-d}
ʔəsxə́c ti č̓ač̓as x̣ʷil čad
ʔəsxə́c t-i č̓ač̓as x̣ʷil č-ad
fear det.def-dir child get.lost ind.pred-I
'The child fears that I get lost'

#141 Incorrect, embedded clauses function as the object, not subject, of fear
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {emb-d}
ʔəsxə́c x̣ʷil čad ti č̓ač̓as
ʔəsxə́c x̣ʷil č-ad t-i č̓ač̓as
fear get.lost ind.pred-I det.def-dir child
'The child fears that I get lost'

#142 The third person particle may appear in dependant clauses
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {emb-d}
ʔəsxə́c ti č̓ač̓as x̣ʷil as
ʔəsxə́c t-i č̓ač̓as x̣ʷil as
fear det.def-dir child get.lost 3rd
'The child fears that he/she/it/them get(s) lost'

#143 The third person particle never takes the ind. pred. marker
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {emb-d}
ʔəsxə́c ti č̓ač̓as x̣ʷil čas
ʔəsxə́c t-i č̓ač̓as x̣ʷil č-as
fear det.def-dir child get.lost ind.pred-3rd
'The child fears that he/she/it/them get(s) lost'

#----Non-verbal predicates----#

#144
Source: d
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cop}
sʔuladxʷ tiʔiɬ
sʔuladxʷ t-i-ʔiɬ
salmon det.def-dir-there
'That is a salmon'

#145 Incorrect, non-verbal predicates precede their subjects
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {cop}
tiʔiɬ sʔuladxʷ
t-i-ʔiɬ sʔuladxʷ
det.def-dir-there salmon
'That is a salmon'

#146
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cop}
sʔuladxʷ čad
sʔuladxʷ č-ad
salmon ind.pred-I
'I am a salmon'

#147
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cop}
tusʔuladxʷ čad
tu-sʔuladxʷ č-ad
past-salmon ind.pred-I
'I was a salmon'

#148
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cop}
ɬusʔuladxʷ čad
ɬu-sʔuladxʷ č-ad
fut-salmon ind.pred-I
'I will be a salmon'

#149 Incorrect, tense in non-verbal clauses is marked on the predicate
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cop}
sʔuladxʷ ɬučad
ɬu-sʔuladxʷ ɬu-č-ad
salmon fut-ind.pred-I
'I will be a salmon'

#150
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cop,emb-d}
ʔəsxə́c čad sʔuladxʷ ad
ʔəsxə́c č-ad sʔuladxʷ ad
fear ind.pred-I salmon I
'I fear that I am a salmon'

#151 Incorrect, subjects of embedded non-verbal predicates do not take the ind. pred. marker
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {cop,emb-d}
ʔəsxə́c čad sʔuladxʷ čad
ʔəsxə́c č-ad sʔuladxʷ č-ad
fear ind.pred-I salmon ind.pred-I
'I fear that I am a salmon'

#152
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cop,pro-d}
sʔuladxʷ
sʔuladxʷ
salmon
'He/she/it/them is a salmon'

#----Information Structure----#

#153
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {wo,info}
x̣ʷil ti č̓ač̓as ck̕ʷáqid̕
x̣ʷil̕ t-i č̓ač̓as ck̕ʷáqid
det.def-dir child get.lost always
'the child \emph{always} gets lost'

#154
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pn,info}
ʔəcá x̣ʷil̕
ʔəcá x̣ʷil̕
I get.lost
'It is I that gets lost'

#155
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pn,info}
díbəɬ x̣ʷil̕
díbəɬ x̣ʷil̕
We get.lost
'It is we that get lost'

#156
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pn,info}
dəgʷí x̣ʷil̕
dəgʷí x̣ʷil̕
You get.lost
'It is you that gets lost'

#157
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pn}
gʷəlápu x̣ʷil̕
gʷəlápu x̣ʷil̕
Y'all get.lost
'It is y'll that get lost'

#158
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pn}
díɬ x̣ʷil̕
díɬ x̣ʷil̕
Y'all get.lost
'It is he/she/it/them that get(s) lost'

#159
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {wo,info}
ʔik̕ʷidb ʔə ti č̓ač̓as ti ʔalʔəl
ʔik̕ʷid-b ʔə t-i č̓ač̓as t-i ʔalʔəl
sweep-pass P det.def-dir child det.def-dir house
'the house is swept by the child'

#160 Passives constructions must have the passive suffix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {wo,info}
ʔik̕ʷid ʔə ti č̓ač̓as ti ʔalʔəl
ʔik̕ʷid ʔə t-i č̓ač̓as t-i ʔalʔəl
sweep P det.def-dir child det.def-dir house
'the house is swept by the child'

#161 Passives constructions must have the passive preposition
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {wo,info}
ʔik̕ʷidb ti č̓ač̓as ti ʔalʔəl
ʔik̕ʷid-b t-i č̓ač̓as t-i ʔalʔəl
sweep-pass det.def-dir child det.def-dir house
'the house is swept by the child'

#162 In passives, the subject precedes the object
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {wo,info}
ʔik̕ʷidb ti ʔalʔəl ʔə ti č̓ač̓as
ʔik̕ʷid-b t-i ʔalʔəl ʔə t-i č̓ač̓as
sweep-pass P det.def-dir child det.def-dir house
'the house is swept by the child'